Northern Renaissance

Too interested in gaining money and power
reforms → rebellion
Humanism weaken the Church → new religious reform (Germany)
difficult to impose central authority

Leaders were corrupt
Priests not educated/broke vows
Reforms (pope had right/Bible/own opinion)

Martin Luther
want to be good Christian not lead a religious revolution
Against Johann Tetzel (indulgence) 1517
spread of 95 Theses → led the founding of Christian churches
3 main ideas
- win salvation only by faith
- teaching should base on Bible
- all people with faith were equal (no priest)
suggest drive pope from the church by forces

Excommunication unless took back statements
threw decree into flame
Excommunicated
Charles V: Catholic emperor
take back → refused
Edict of Worms: no one can give him food or shelter/book burned
Prince Frederick disobeyed
translated New Testament in German
BECOME SEPARATE GROUP:Lutherans

apply idea to society
peasants' revolt horrified Luther
asked Prince to crush the revolt
feeling betrayed → reject Luther's leadership
German princes support Luther → seize power from Church
Protestants (Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches)
↓ princes who signed protest against the agreement
War between Charles V and princes (defeated but failed to back to Catholic)
Peace of Augsburg (each ruler decide religion of his state)

England (broke ties for political and personal reasons)
Henry VIII wanted to have a son to avoid civil war
want to divorce and take a younger queen → not allowed
asked pope to annul but was refused (did not want to offend his nephew Charles V)
solve problem himself → ended the pope's power (Reformation Parliament)
Parliament (Act of Supremacy)
Thomas More (opposition) → finally executed
Anne Boleyn (second wife) → same
His children ruled England in turn → religious turmoil
Edward (Protestant)
Mary (Catholic)
Elizabeth (Protestantism)

Set up Anglican Church (Church of England) → only legal church
accept both Catholic and Protestant → religious peace
Challenges:
- asked to make more far-reaching church forms (Protestants)
- replaced with her cousin Mary Queen of Scots(Catholic)
- Philip II (Catholic king of Spain)
- money

Renaissance

Renaissance (1300-1600)
- rebirth (of learning and culture)
- Northern Italy
- center of the action
- wealthy merchants and bankers
- artists inspired by Rome and Greece

Medici
- merchants dominated politics
- powerful banking family
- paid people to create works of art
- patrons

Isabella d' Este
- singer, lute player and dancer
- wealthy powerful parents
- sponsored artists
- fashionista

Humanism
- a interest in what people achieved
- resembles the Greek idea of arete
- classical writings
- secular values (worldly)
- Christian values

Renaissance Man/Woman
- someone master many fields of work
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Isabella d'Este

Artistic styles and methods
- Sculpture
- realistic figures (Pieta)
- Painting
- perspective (fresco)
- freshly laid/wet lime plaster
- pigment plaster
- Literature
- vernacular (previously in Latin or Greek)
- express own thoughts and feelings
- The Prince
- the aims of princes - such as glory and survival - can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends

Northern Renaissance
- ideas moved from Italy
- combined with religious ideas
- learning spread rapidly
- due to the printing press

The Printing Press
- Johannes Gutenberg 
- revolutionized it in Germany in 1439

Study Guide

Study Guide

Christianity begins with Jesus

Gospel: good news

Jesus: Jewish itinerant preacher in Judea (set himself apart from other Messiahs)

Message of love

Deemed a threat to Roman rule and was crucified

Paul of Tarsus (after a miraculous vision of Jesus on the road to Damascus/Syria)

Paul talked of “predestination” (God chose who was to be saved and who be damned)

Paul helped found churches and kept in touch with new Christians by letters (Epistles)

(Corinth, Thessalonia, Rome, Ephesus)

Both Jews and Christians were monotheistic (refused to worship Roman gods)

Pax Romana (easy travel and spread idea-common languages Greek and Latin)

Paul wasn’t the only one

Poor Romans were receptive audience

Persecuted by Roman authorities (monotheism contradicted Roman law)

Things began go wrong for RE (scapegoats needed)

Grow: 1) embraced all people 2) gave hope to the powerless 3) appealed to those who were disgusted by imperial Rome’s decadence 4) offered a personal relationship with God 5) promised eternal life after death

Conversion of Constantine (AD 312) Roman emperor Constantine

Sees image of cross and words (in this sign, conquer) before a key battle

Put cross on shields (win)

Edict of Milan (AD 313) recognized by emperor, continue gain strength

By 380 became official religion (Chi-Rho cross)

Rome weakens (military, economy, social, political)

M: weak to defend huge area/ E: taxes high, gap between rich and poor, trade disrupted/ S: do not care public affairs, disloyalty, population decrease/ P: division of empire (Constantine moved capital to Byzantium)

Last emperor in 476 (14-Romulus Augustulus)

Christos: messiah or savior

Diaspora: the dispersal of Jews after rebellion

Germanic kingdoms reunited under Charlemagne’s empire

Middle Ages = medieval period (AD 476-AD 1453) Europe fragmented

From the end of RE to the conquest of Constantinople by Turks

New society roots: 1) classical heritage of Rome 2) beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church 3) customs of various Germanic tribes

Germanic invaders overrun western half of the RE (5th)

Causing: 1) disruption of trade 2) downfall of cities 3) population shifts to rural areas

Effects of invasion: decline of learning

1)         Tribes cannot read Greek or Latin (oral tradition) 2) Romance languages evolve 3) few were literate

Germanic Kingdom (AD 400-600): warriors loyal to lord of the manor

Result: 1) no orderly government for large areas 2) small communities rule

Clovis (rules Franks/Gaul): battlefield conversion-became Christians (in 496)

Franks united into one kingdom by 511, Clovis and Church working as partners

Benedict writes rules for monks in 520, his sister Scholastica writes for nuns

1)         Vows of poverty 2) chastity 3) obedience

They operate schools, maintain libraries and copy books

Theocracy: Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great) goes secular

Church revenues used to help poor, build roads and raise armies

Christendom extend from Italy to England from Spain to Germany

Clovis rules until dies in 511, rest Europe consists of small kingdoms

Charles Martel/Charles the Hammer (descendant)

Defeats a Muslim raiding party from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732

Pepin the Short (son) works w/ Church and named “king by the grace of God” by Pope

Charles the Great/Charlemagne (son #2)

Age of Faith

Church has considerable spiritual and political power

Over 500 Gothic cathedrals were built (1170-1270)

Jerusalem (controlled by Muslims in 11th)

Muslims, Jews and Christians’ Holy City

Dome of the Rock (Islam) Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Christian)

Western Wall (Judaism)

In 1093 Emperor Alexius Comnenus wrote a letter to Pope Urban II

Holy War: recapture Jerusalem from Muslim Turks

Began 200 years of religiously sanctioned military campaigns (1095-1291)

Crusade: taking of the cross

Pope promised immediate remission for their sins

Effects of Crusades:

Decline: Byzantine Empire, Pope and feudal nobles’ power

Grow: religious intolerance, Muslim distrust Christians, trade between Europe and Middle East, European technology, Italian cities expand trade

Notes of Crusade

Age of Faith
- church has a complete system
- collect money and found stuff
- not only spiritual but also political power

Jerusalem
- Muslims (new religion) controlled here in late 11th
- holy city to Muslims, Christians and Jews
- in a singel place and close

Holy War
- government and church work together (Pope Urban II)
- recaptured Jerusalem from Muslims
- crusade: taking of the cross
- do this get immediate forgiveness
- still continue today

Notes Again

New Society
- Roman Empire
- Roman Church
- tribes

Roman Empire
- eastern (easy to control)
- western
- trade decline (not safety → no legion to protect)
- so stay home not travel → economy decline
- city (horrible to live)
- population shifts from city to rural (can alive)

Result
- decrease of learning ability
- tribes (telling story) oral
- most important written in Greek/Latin
- all doing just job
- Romance language (language out of Roman Empire)
- similar but different (cannot understand)
- nobody setting school
- no kids go to school just work for living

Medieval Period
- rich people won a little army
- set people themselves
- lord of manor
- have people to perform (skills)

The Crusades

Background
- the Age of Faith
- Roman Empire is the strongest kingdom
- the Church has considerable spiritual and political power
- over 500 Gothic cathedrals were built in Europe (1170-1270)

Jerusalem
- controlled by Muslims (late 11th century)
- Islam's 3rd holiest City (Mecca and Medina)
- Holy City to Jews and Christians
Dome of the Rock (Islam)
Church of the Holy Sepulcher (Christian)
Western Wall (Judaism)

The "Holy War"
- Emperor Alexius Comnenus wrote a letter to Pope Urban II (1093)
- Pope put out the call for Christians to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim Turks
- religiously sanctioned military campaigns (1095-1291)
- crusade: taking of the cross (crux)
- "soldiers of the Church" took vows to take back the Holy Land
- Pope: who died in the endeavor would receive immediate remission for their sins
- Roger Bacon: Muslims who survive are more and more embittered against the Christian faith

Effects
- Byzantine Empire is weakened
- Pope's power declines
- power of feudal nobles weakens
- religious intolerance grows
- Italian cities expand trade
- Muslims distrust Christians
- trade grows between Europe and Middle East
- European technology improves (Christians learn from Muslims)

Germanic Kingdoms Unite under Charlemagne

Main Idea

- Germanic kingdoms were reunited under Charlemagne's empire

- Charlemagne spread Christianity to northern Europe

Setting the Stage

- Middle Ages = medieval period (AD 476-1453)

- fragmented

Roots of New Society

- classical heritage of Rome

- beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church

- customs of various Germanic tribes

Causing

Germanic invaders overrun the Roman Empire (5th century)

- disruption of trade

- downfall of cities

- population shifts to rural areas

Effects of Invasion

- decline of learning

tribes cannot read Greek or Latin

Romance languages evolve

few were literate

Germanic Kingdoms

- emerge AD 400-600

- warriors' loyalty to the lord of manor (provides food/weapons/treasure)

- result

no orderly government for large areas

small communities rule

Clovis

- rules Germanic people of Gual (Franks)

- in 496 had a battlefield conversion (Christians)

- by 511 Franks are united into one kingdom (Clovis and the Church)

Spread of Christianity

- church + Frankish ruler = rise in Christianity

- rules for monks (Benedict in 520)

vows of poverty

chastity

obedience

- similar rules for nuns (sister Scholastica)

- they operate schools, maintain libraries and copy books

Theocracy
- Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great) goes secular
- church revenues for helping poor, building roads and raising armies
- Christendom extends from Italy to England from Spain to Germany

Europe
- Clovis rules Franks until his death (511)
- rest of Europe consists of smaller kingdoms
- Charles Martel known as Charles the Hammer
- Battle of Tours in 732 (Hammer defeats a Muslim raiding party from Spain)

Follow the Hammer
- Pepin the Short (son)
- works with Church and is named "king by the grace of God" by the Pope
- dies in 768, leaving 2 sons
- Carolman (dies in 771)
- Charles, known as Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

Christianity in the Pax Romona

- backstory leading into the Middle Ages

- a new religion in the empire

Root

- begin with Jesus
- comes from Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John
- Gospel: good news
- no way Jesus looked like this

Jesus
- Jewish itinerant preacher in Judea
- set himself apart from other "Messiahs" (the only one)
- did not set new religion
- did not revolt the government
- taught God's personal relationship to each human being
- message of love
- did not go far
- be famous after death when Paul walked around
- come to the end of world and bring faithful into the kingdom of God
- both human and divine
- crucified because threat to Rome
- Apostles spread his teaching around world

Start Spreading the News
- Paul of Tarsus became the follower of Jesus after a miraculous vision
- predestination: God chose who was to be saved and who was to be damned
- well-traveled, helped found churches, keep in touch with new Christians by letters
- outlaw cult → actual religion

Grow
- both Jew and Christians were monotheistic
- refused to worship Roman gods
- easy to travel and spread idea (not only Paul)
- poor Romans were a receptive audience

Problem with Monotheistic
- sometimes persecuted by Roman authorities (contradicted law)
- could be exiled, imprisoned, executed, crucified, burned or killed by wild animal
- the things goes wrong for Roman Empire
- scapegoats were needed

Appeal
- embraced all people (men and women, enslaved, poor)
- gave hope to powerless
- appeal who was disgusted by imperial Rome's decadence
- offer personal relationship with God
- promise eternal life after death

Conversion of Constantine (AD 312)
- turning point
- Roman emperor Constantine has a vision before a key battle
- image is a cross and some words in the sky (in this sign conquer)
- order troop to put cross on shields
Then they win!

Edict of Milan (AD 313)
- approved by emperor
- continues to gain strength
- by 380 became official religion
- Chi-Rho

Decline of Roman Empire
- last emperor in 476 (14-year-old boy: Romulus Augustulus)
- military: weak to defend
- economy: tax too high, gap, trade, rich and poor
- social: population decrease, disloyalty, no one cares public affairs
- political: division

Absent

I was not here on Friday because of the chorus field trip.

Test Back

Today Mr. Schick gave us test paper back, but not included mine, because all other students took the test on Monday while I was not here, so I just made up today.
I heard the test was difficult, but actually when I took it, I felt it was really, really difficult, though all questions were multiple choices. I knew most of the questions, and felt not sure with some, and had never seen few of them. Just like "who's the woman Tarquin's son attacked" or "where's the territory of Carthage now", I really had no idea and got them wrong. But luckily I took guess many times and just got these two wrong. Carol told me that we can find all of the answers in PowerPoint, but I thought I had already read every word on each slide and still failed to find them, so where exactly were them? Maybe just be mentioned in class.

Absent

Test Review

Today we reviewed for the test next Monday about ancient Rome.

Conner and Collins provided many questions for us, some are good, but some also are unnecessary I think, especially those about the date and years. It is really meaningless to remember them. 

And here is a good news that Mr. Schick will put some of these questions in the test.

Then after reviewing, we watched a movie about one of the Punic War. To be honest I cannot identify which war it is, but I think it is good.

By the way, I have to say Mr. Fredryk's room is freezing.

In 44 BC Julius Caesar was assassinated by senators.

First Triumvirate: Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus

Second Triumvirate: Octavius, Mark Anthony and Lepidus

First Punic War: naval battle

Carthage never won Punic War

Caesar recognized the advantage of plebeians

Rome Notes5

Caesar Seizing Power
- served as consul for 1 year
- appointed himself the governor of Gaul
- Pompey felt jealous then they became rivals
- Caesar's army clashed his army in Greece, Asia, Spain and Egypt
- in 44 BC became dictator
- first for 6 months then for life (people like him)

Reforms
- granted citizenship to people in provinces (made them on his side)
- expanded senate (added his friends)
- created jobs for poor, especially public work project
- increased the pay for soldiers
- started colonies that people without land can own property

Assassination
Why: his increasing power treated senators' political viability
How: lured him into senate and stabbed 23 times (finally stopped resisting)
Who: even included Brutus (Caesar's ally)
- senators did not be punished
- Octavius was Caesar's sole heir
- end of the Republic

Aftermath to the Murder
- Octavius took over (18)
- Mark Antony and Lepidus
- Second Triumvirate

A Doomed Alliance
- Octavius forced Lepidus to retire
- he became rival with Anthony
- Anthony partners up with Cleopatra of Egypt (female pharaoh)
- Octavius defeated them at the Battle of Actium

Octavius on His Way
- unchallenged ruler of Rome
- "Augustus" (honored one)
- "imperator" (supreme military commander)
- ↑ origin of word emperor
- Rome became empire not republic

Augustus (27BC-AD14: 41 years)
Tiberius (AD14-37)
- after son's death exiled himself from Rome and left his perfects in charge
Caligula (AD37-41)
- known as his cruelty, extravagance and perversity
- assassinated by a group of guards, senators, and imperial court, trying to re-establish the republic
Claudius (AD41-54)
- suffered fro many infirmties
- took over because he was the last male in his family
- ruled well
- died by poisoning (last wife's plan)
- made her son Nero take over
Nero (AD 54-68: 14 years)
- emphasized the arts
- huge fire in AD64 (though he did not fiddle)
- want to rebuild Rome to make it majestic
- hugely overspent, even raided temples for money
- historians do not look kindly on him

Rome Notes4

A Change in Rule
Tiberius Gracchus recognized the advantages of courting plebeians (though unsuccessful)
Military generals lead a army that conquer a land and share it with them

Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE)
General, public speaker
Conquered a huge territory of Gaul (not France)
- made common folks happy
- made friends with people in high places
Pompey (general who conquered Syria and Palestine)
Crassus (the richest people in Rome)
First Triumvirate (rule of three men)
Became the dictator
→ middle class happy but senates not

Rome Notes3

Punic War
1st: 23 years
2nd: 17 years
3rd: 3 years
Rome let Carthage pay actual money
Burnt Carthage for 17 days
Plebeians changed a lot after Punic War

Economic change, social upheaval
Slaves poured to Italy
In the end of 2nd century BCE: over million slaves
↑ good for aristocrats but not good for middle class and farmers
Farmers hard work because men were fighting wars → no one run things
Cannot pay the debts → lost farms to aristocrats for the money they owed
→ no land for living
→ find jobs (no jobs because slaves worked for free)
Big farms became massive estates called latifundia

Poor plebs: how to make them happy
Hopes for 2 things: bread and circuses
Bread: free grain from state
Circuses: entertainment (Circus Maximus, Colosseum)
Keep them alive and quiet

Rome Notes 2

Plebeians → victims of discrimination decisions
No legal rights
No actually rights (not written custom)
Patricians interpreted the laws to their advantages

→ refused to serve in military until
Laws were written out (The Law of the Twelve Table)
Posted in public (450 BC)
Tribunes (tribal leaders)

SPQR: the Roman Senate and People

Res publica (Republic)
- democracy (people assembly and tribunes)
- aristocracy (senate around 300)
- monarchy (consuls)
- no tyranny

Ancient Rome and USA
3 branches (executive, legislative and judicial)
both have legal code

Executive:
Rome
- 2 consuls
- 1 year term
- had power to veto each other
- military
- appointed the dictator
USA
- president (vice president)
- 4 years term
- have power to veto proposal law
- commander-in-chief of the military

Legislative:
Rome
- 300 senators (aristocrats)
- members for life
- 193 assembly
- members for life
USA
- 100 senators (2 from each state)
- 6 years term
- 435 House of Representatives
- 2 years term
- congress

Judicial:
Rome
- praetors
- chosen by Centuriate Assembly
- 1 year term
USA
- supreme court (9 members)
- lifetime term
- appointed by present
- confirmed by senators

Legal code:
Rome - Twelve Table
USA: Bill of Right

Legion - 5000 soldiers (not pay)
- heavy infantry
- recruited exclusively from Roman citizens
80 groups → century
smaller phalanx

The Punic War (264-146 BC)
3 times Rome vs. Carthage
The first war: naval war
Control Sicily island
Rome won
The second war (218-201 BC)
Hannibal (29) attacked Rome from North
Lay siege to much of peninsula for 15 years
The third war (149-146 BC)
Remove threat of Carthage
Burnt Carthage for 17 days
50,000 rest people → slaves
Territories annexed Roman province of Africa