Rome Notes5

Caesar Seizing Power
- served as consul for 1 year
- appointed himself the governor of Gaul
- Pompey felt jealous then they became rivals
- Caesar's army clashed his army in Greece, Asia, Spain and Egypt
- in 44 BC became dictator
- first for 6 months then for life (people like him)

Reforms
- granted citizenship to people in provinces (made them on his side)
- expanded senate (added his friends)
- created jobs for poor, especially public work project
- increased the pay for soldiers
- started colonies that people without land can own property

Assassination
Why: his increasing power treated senators' political viability
How: lured him into senate and stabbed 23 times (finally stopped resisting)
Who: even included Brutus (Caesar's ally)
- senators did not be punished
- Octavius was Caesar's sole heir
- end of the Republic

Aftermath to the Murder
- Octavius took over (18)
- Mark Antony and Lepidus
- Second Triumvirate

A Doomed Alliance
- Octavius forced Lepidus to retire
- he became rival with Anthony
- Anthony partners up with Cleopatra of Egypt (female pharaoh)
- Octavius defeated them at the Battle of Actium

Octavius on His Way
- unchallenged ruler of Rome
- "Augustus" (honored one)
- "imperator" (supreme military commander)
- ↑ origin of word emperor
- Rome became empire not republic

Augustus (27BC-AD14: 41 years)
Tiberius (AD14-37)
- after son's death exiled himself from Rome and left his perfects in charge
Caligula (AD37-41)
- known as his cruelty, extravagance and perversity
- assassinated by a group of guards, senators, and imperial court, trying to re-establish the republic
Claudius (AD41-54)
- suffered fro many infirmties
- took over because he was the last male in his family
- ruled well
- died by poisoning (last wife's plan)
- made her son Nero take over
Nero (AD 54-68: 14 years)
- emphasized the arts
- huge fire in AD64 (though he did not fiddle)
- want to rebuild Rome to make it majestic
- hugely overspent, even raided temples for money
- historians do not look kindly on him

Rome Notes4

A Change in Rule
Tiberius Gracchus recognized the advantages of courting plebeians (though unsuccessful)
Military generals lead a army that conquer a land and share it with them

Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE)
General, public speaker
Conquered a huge territory of Gaul (not France)
- made common folks happy
- made friends with people in high places
Pompey (general who conquered Syria and Palestine)
Crassus (the richest people in Rome)
First Triumvirate (rule of three men)
Became the dictator
→ middle class happy but senates not

Rome Notes3

Punic War
1st: 23 years
2nd: 17 years
3rd: 3 years
Rome let Carthage pay actual money
Burnt Carthage for 17 days
Plebeians changed a lot after Punic War

Economic change, social upheaval
Slaves poured to Italy
In the end of 2nd century BCE: over million slaves
↑ good for aristocrats but not good for middle class and farmers
Farmers hard work because men were fighting wars → no one run things
Cannot pay the debts → lost farms to aristocrats for the money they owed
→ no land for living
→ find jobs (no jobs because slaves worked for free)
Big farms became massive estates called latifundia

Poor plebs: how to make them happy
Hopes for 2 things: bread and circuses
Bread: free grain from state
Circuses: entertainment (Circus Maximus, Colosseum)
Keep them alive and quiet

Rome Notes 2

Plebeians → victims of discrimination decisions
No legal rights
No actually rights (not written custom)
Patricians interpreted the laws to their advantages

→ refused to serve in military until
Laws were written out (The Law of the Twelve Table)
Posted in public (450 BC)
Tribunes (tribal leaders)

SPQR: the Roman Senate and People

Res publica (Republic)
- democracy (people assembly and tribunes)
- aristocracy (senate around 300)
- monarchy (consuls)
- no tyranny

Ancient Rome and USA
3 branches (executive, legislative and judicial)
both have legal code

Executive:
Rome
- 2 consuls
- 1 year term
- had power to veto each other
- military
- appointed the dictator
USA
- president (vice president)
- 4 years term
- have power to veto proposal law
- commander-in-chief of the military

Legislative:
Rome
- 300 senators (aristocrats)
- members for life
- 193 assembly
- members for life
USA
- 100 senators (2 from each state)
- 6 years term
- 435 House of Representatives
- 2 years term
- congress

Judicial:
Rome
- praetors
- chosen by Centuriate Assembly
- 1 year term
USA
- supreme court (9 members)
- lifetime term
- appointed by present
- confirmed by senators

Legal code:
Rome - Twelve Table
USA: Bill of Right

Legion - 5000 soldiers (not pay)
- heavy infantry
- recruited exclusively from Roman citizens
80 groups → century
smaller phalanx

The Punic War (264-146 BC)
3 times Rome vs. Carthage
The first war: naval war
Control Sicily island
Rome won
The second war (218-201 BC)
Hannibal (29) attacked Rome from North
Lay siege to much of peninsula for 15 years
The third war (149-146 BC)
Remove threat of Carthage
Burnt Carthage for 17 days
50,000 rest people → slaves
Territories annexed Roman province of Africa

Rome Notes

Who settled Rome
Etruscans → lived in north central part of peninsula
Two foundation myths
1) Virgil's Aeneid (escapes from Troy)
2) the story of Remus and Romulus
Greeks → colonies around Mediterranean Sea
Romans got ideas from Greek and improved
religious beliefs, alphabet, art, military techniques and weapons
Latins → descendant of Indo-European
First settled
Situated trading ships (farthest to Rome)

Luaus Tarquinias Superbus
- he seventh and final king of Rome
- Tarquin the Proud
- True Tyrant

Republic
King was replaced by 2 consuls
- elected officials
- term 1 year
- patricians (traced descent from ancestors)
- one can veto the other
↑ reducing the power of individuals
5th century BC patrician dominance of government was challenged by plebs
- plebs was 98% population
Dominance:
- plebs had to serve in army but cannot hold office
- debt slavery
- did not have legal rights

Roman Empire

A Vast and Powerful Empire
Peak of power: from 27 BC to AD 180 (207 years, from the beginning of Augustus's rule)
↑ Pax Romana (Roman peace): no fighting except with tribes along the borders
- 3 million square miles
- between 60 and 80 million people

A Sound Government
Effective government and able rulers (Augustus)
- created a system of government (civil service)
Paid workers (plebeians) to manage the affairs of government
↑ maintained the empire's stability
Control: from Spain to Mesopotamia, from North Africa to Britain
↑ different languages, cultures and customs

Agriculture and Trade
90% people engaged in farming → local produce
Denarius (a silve coin) was in use throughout the empire → trade easier
Vast trading network: from east to Mediterranean → many cities grew wealthy
Roads linked the empire to far-flung places
- originally built by army for military purposes

The Roman World
Gravitas: discipline, strength and loyalty (Roman virtue)
Most people lived in countryside and worked on farms
Different people came together to create a diverse society

Slaves and Captivity
Widespread and important to the economy
made more use of slaves than any previous civilization (1/3 population)
Slaves: conquered people, slaves' children
- can be bought and sold
- the property of their owners
- can be punished, rewarded, set free or put to death
Worked both in the city and on the farm
- treated cruelly
- worked at hard labor all day long
Forced to be gladiator (strong healthy males)
None of the slave revolts succeeded (more than million died for freedom)

Gods and Goddesses
Numina: powerful spirits or divine forces (worshiped)
↑ resided in everything around them
Lares: the guardian spirits of each family
- honored through rituals → gain favor and avoid misfortune
Government and religion were linked
- deities were symbols of the state
- expected to honor them in public ceremonies
Jupiter: father of gods
Juno: Jupiter's wife, watched over women
Minerva: wisdom and art and craft
Worship of the emperor also became part of the official religion of Rome

Society and Culture
Wealth and social status made huge differences in how people lived
Rich:
- spent a lot of money on homes, gardens, slaves and luxuries
- banquets
Poor:
- much of the population was unemployed
- government supported daily ration pf grain
- crowded into risker, sprawling tenements (fire)
Government provided free games, races, mock battles and gladiator contests
→ to distract and control the masses of Romans
- 150 holidays a year (AD 250)
Colosseum: a huge area that could hold 50,000 people
↑ animal shows/ people vs. animals/ people vs. people
Until one of them was killed
Christianity slowly emerged during the time of Pax Romana
- early followers meet with much brutality and hardship

Works Show

Today some of my classmates showed us what they did for their projects. Some of them made raps, some made videos, and some made power points or debt. All of them did awesome jobs, especially Matt. I liked his rap so much it's really funny. 
Tomorrow our project will be shown first. We made a video, but I think it is different from others. We drew some pictures on paper and wrote down words to explain the conflict between the plebeians and the patricians, then we just recorded the video. To be honest, I think it is just like a power point, but if we made a power point, we just need to find the picture online instead of drawing them down on the paper. The work would be much easier.
The video probably is not so good because when I recorded it my hands were trembling. But the picture we drew are pretty good I think.